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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Enhanced Genetic Analysis of Single Human Bioparticles Recovered by Simplified Micromanipulation from Forensic ‘Touch DNA’ Evidence

Enhanced Genetic Analysis of Single Human Bioparticles Recovered by Simplified Micromanipulation from Forensic ‘Touch DNA’ Evidence

Published on: March 9, 2015

DNA methylation-based forensic framework for age prediction and body fluid identification using nanopore sequencing.

Isis Beentjes¹, Martin A Haagmans², Desiree D S H de Bruin¹

¹Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Forensic Science International. Genetics

|October 14, 2025

Summary

Forensic DNA phenotyping using Nanopore sequencing shows promise for estimating biological age and identifying body fluids from low DNA samples. While challenges exist with low read depth, a correction model improved age accuracy, and body fluid identification remained highly accurate.

Keywords:

Age estimation Body fluid markers/identification DNA methylation Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP)Nanopore adaptive sequencing

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Area of Science:

Forensic Science
Genetics
Epigenetics

Background:

Forensic DNA phenotyping uses genetic and epigenetic markers to identify individuals when conventional methods fail.
DNA methylation is crucial for estimating biological age and identifying body fluids, aiding crime scene investigations.
Nanopore sequencing offers direct, real-time methylation detection, bypassing time-consuming traditional methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate Nanopore's PromethION 2 platform for single-assay forensic epigenetic analysis.
To assess its capability for biological age estimation and body fluid identification using low DNA quantities (<100 ng).

Main Methods:

Utilized Nanopore PromethION 2 for direct DNA methylation analysis.
Focused on forensic epigenetic markers for age prediction (epigenetic clocks) and body fluid identification.
Investigated performance with low DNA input and varying read depth.

Main Results:

Low read depth impacted methylation status accuracy, challenging precise age and body fluid identification.
Age prediction models initially overestimated age, but a linear correction model significantly improved accuracy.
Blood and saliva identification demonstrated high accuracy (4/4 samples) across different read depths.

Conclusions:

Nanopore sequencing, particularly with adaptive sampling, holds potential for forensic age prediction and body fluid identification.
Future research should validate analysis thresholds, enhance low-quantity DNA performance, expand body fluid identification, and address mixture analysis.