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Use of Enzymatic Biosensors to Quantify Endogenous ATP or H2O2 in the Kidney
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Biosensor Innovations for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Diagnostics

Nurain Najihah Alias1, Asad Masood2, Poh Choon Ooi1

  • 1Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.

ACS Applied Bio Materials
|October 14, 2025
PubMed

Insights

New biosensors offer rapid detection of kidney disease biomarkers. These advanced devices improve diagnosis for acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), enabling earlier treatment and better patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Renal failure, encompassing acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), presents significant health challenges due to impaired kidney function.
  • Current diagnostic methods for renal diseases often lack the necessary sensitivity and specificity, necessitating improved detection strategies.
  • The complexity of renal diseases underscores the urgent need for advanced biomarkers and rapid diagnostic tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in biosensor technology for the diagnosis of renal diseases.
  • To explore the application of various biosensor platforms, including electrochemical, plasmonic, and nanoparticle-based systems, for detecting AKI and CKD biomarkers.
  • To highlight the role of biosensors in enabling point-of-care (POC) diagnostics for timely intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric biosensor designs and fabrication.
  • Discussion of biological recognition elements and transduction mechanisms.
  • Exploration of materials science in developing noninvasive biosensor diagnostics.

Main Results:

  • Biosensors utilizing advanced surface chemistry show promise for identifying and quantifying emerging renal disease biomarkers.
  • Electrochemical, plasmonic, and nanoparticle-based biosensors are key platforms for POC applications.
  • Optimized biosensor designs and fabrication methodologies enhance efficacy for diverse diagnostic needs.

Conclusions:

  • Biosensors represent a significant advancement in the early detection and management of renal failure.
  • The development of sensitive and specific biosensors is crucial for improving patient outcomes in AKI and CKD.
  • Future research directions include further optimization of biosensor materials and noninvasive diagnostic capabilities for renal diseases.
Keywords:
acute kidney injurybiomarkerbiosensorchronic kidney diseasediagnostic treatment

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