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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

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Infants organize their learning process based on the same or different informants.

Ruolan Ling1, Kazuo Hiraki2

  • 1Department of General System Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Building 15, Room 704B, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan. ruolanling86@gmail.com.

Scientific Reports
|October 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infants adapt their learning based on who teaches them, even before they can speak. This study shows how babies organize knowledge acquisition from different social informants.

Keywords:
Cognitive shiftingInfant learningInformant identityKind-relevant knowledge

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Infant Learning

Background:

  • Infants can differentiate social cues from different informants.
  • Limited understanding exists on how infants' knowledge acquisition is shaped by informant identity during early learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how infants organize their learning processes based on informant identity.
  • To examine if infants' learning outcomes differ when information is presented by the same versus different informants.

Main Methods:

  • Two gaze-contingent experiments were conducted with infants.
  • Infants learned new information from either one or two distinct informants.
  • Infant attention and pupil dilation were monitored to assess cognitive processing.

Main Results:

  • Infants demonstrated the ability to distinguish between different informants and recognize changes in learning content.
  • Infants' gaze selection and learning outcomes were significantly influenced by whether the same or different informants presented the information.
  • Cognitive sensitivities to informant identity and content changes were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Infants dynamically organize their learning based on informant identification.
  • These findings highlight infants' adaptive engagement in social learning and knowledge acquisition.
  • Early social interactions play a crucial role in structuring infant learning processes.