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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Ex vivo Mechanical Loading of Tendon
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Dynamic Loading Does Not Interfere With the Initial Repopulation of Decellularized Tendons: An Ex Vivo Study.

Janne Spierings1, Florencia Abinzano1, Elias Salzer1,2

  • 1Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
|October 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Decellularized tendon grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction show promise. Dynamic loading did not significantly impact cell viability or infiltration in a novel bioreactor model, suggesting potential for improved ACL graft research.

Keywords:
ACL reconstructionbioreactordecellularizationex vivo modeltendon graft

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture causes joint instability, often treated with tendon autografts.
  • Implanted autografts contain non-viable cells, potentially leading to inflammation and graft failure.
  • Decellularized grafts offer an alternative, but cell repopulation under dynamic loading is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the repopulation efficiency of decellularized tendons with fibroblasts under dynamic loading.
  • To evaluate cell viability, adhesion, metabolism, and infiltration in response to mechanical stimulation.
  • To assess the utility of a custom bioreactor as a model for ACL graft research.

Main Methods:

  • Human gracilis tendons were decellularized and reseeded with human dermal fibroblasts.
  • Cells were cultured dynamically (2%-6% strain at 1Hz for 7h/day) or statically for 7 days.
  • A custom bioreactor was used to apply dynamic loading and assess mechanical properties and cell behavior.

Main Results:

  • The bioreactor successfully measured transient mechanical responses and property changes over time.
  • Dynamic loading did not significantly affect cell adhesion, viability, metabolism, or infiltration.
  • Cell infiltration was localized in both static and dynamic groups, not globally distributed.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic loading conditions do not negatively impact cell behavior in reseeded decellularized tendons.
  • The developed bioreactor shows potential as an in vitro/ex vivo model for predicting in vivo ACL graft outcomes.
  • Further research using this model could advance the development of improved ACL grafts.