Autophagy and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Unraveling Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways

Autophagy is a catabolic process that helps maintain cellular homeostasis by degrading damaged proteins and organelles while recycling essential biomolecules. Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and substance use disorders, have been linked to autophagy dysregulation. In this manuscript, we review the complex role of autophagy in the neurobiology of these disorders, encompassing neuronal function, neurodevelopment, and neuroplasticity. The molecular mechanisms by which autophagy dysregulation contributes to the manifestation and progression of neuropsychiatric diseases, including those related to autophagy genes and pathways, are also discussed. Additionally, potential entry points for autophagytargeted therapy in these disorders, such as modulating mTOR and combining autophagy modulators with existing treatments, are also explored. We also specifically examine the neuroprotective effects of lithium, a mood stabilizer, through its influence on autophagy pathways. Overall, understanding the intricate relationship between autophagy and neuropsychiatric disorders provides new avenues for developing new treatments for these devastating conditions.