Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
Published on: March 7, 2025
Citrullination in tumor immunity and therapy
Michael R Pitter1,2, Weiping Zou1,2,3,4,5,6
1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Abstract:
Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the conversion of arginine residues into peptidyl citrulline, a posttranslational modification known as protein citrullination (or arginine deimination). This process alters the charge of proteins from positive to neutral, thereby affecting their folding, stability, conformation, and function. PAD2 and PAD4 can translocate into the nucleus and citrullinate both cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. In this Review, we focus on PAD2- and PAD4-mediated citrullination in immune cell subsets within the tumor microenvironment. We discuss how citrullination regulates immune cell function and tumor immunity and explore the potential of targeting citrullination as a strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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