The Role of Nutrition in Endometriosis Prevention and Management: A Comprehensive Review

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological condition defined by the ectopic presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, often resulting in debilitating symptoms and significant impacts on quality of life. While the exact etiology of endometriosis remains elusive, emerging evidence suggests that diet and nutrition may play a crucial role in its pathogenesis and management. This comprehensive review explores the complex interplay between various food substances and endometriosis, summarizing the latest research findings on both risk-enhancing and protective nutritional factors. Notably, consumption of alcohol, red and processed meats, foods high in saturated and trans fats, and excessive caffeine has been correlated with increased systemic inflammation and hormonal dysregulation-key mechanisms implicated in endometriosis pathogenesis. In contrast, nutrients such as antioxidants, B-complex vitamins, vitamin D, calcium, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, particularly omega-3 and omega-6), and dietary fiber have shown promise in exerting anti-inflammatory and protective effects against endometriosis. The review emphasizes the importance of promoting a balanced and nutritious diet rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-rich food while limiting the intake of pro-inflammatory substances for individuals with endometriosis. In addition to dietary interventions, lifestyle modifications, including regular physical activity, stress management, and optimizing sleep hygiene, are highlighted as integral components of comprehensive treatment plans for endometriosis patients. Further research is required to clarify the precise mechanisms underlying the relationship between diet and endometriosis and to establish evidence-based dietary recommendations personalized for patients with endometriosis.