Identity and Sources of Diaporthe Species Causing Phomopsis Graft Dieback Disease in Macadamia Nursery Plants

Macadamia is an evergreen tree grown for its edible kernel in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The macadamia nursery industry is faced with graft dieback disease, resulting in the roguing of a large number of grafted plants. These losses are often attributed to Phomopsis graft dieback disease of the clonal root graft (scion) wood. However, the source of scions differs among nurseries, and the identity of the Diaporthe species is unknown. To determine whether the same Diaporthe species is responsible for macadamia graft dieback and whether the primary source of infection is from scion wood, we surveyed five major commercial macadamia nurseries in Australia. From 387 macadamia plants sampled in the nurseries, 86% (n = 337 isolates) of the scions were infected with Diaporthe species compared with 14% (n = 53 isolates) of the rootstock. Based on multigene DNA sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, β-tubulin, calmodulin, and histone H3, eight Diaporthe species were identified from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants, D. fraxini-angustifoliae was the most dominant species, followed by D. australiana, D. masirevicii, D. litchicola, D. middletonii, D. musigena, D. sojae, and D. arecae. In the in planta pathogenicity assays, D. litchicola was the most aggressive and caused significantly (P < 0.001) larger lesions and more graft dieback than D. australiana, whereas D. middletonii and D. masirevicii produced insignificant lesions and are therefore considered as nonpathogenic to macadamia. Scion wood inoculation with D. litchicola resulted in more significant Phomopsis graft dieback (45%) than rootstock inoculation (25%). Our findings suggest that scion wood is a potential source of infection and cause of Phomopsis graft dieback in macadamia nurseries.