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A slider-crank mechanism converts rotational motion from the crank into linear motion of the slider or vice versa. This mechanism consists of three main parts: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider. The movement of the slider-crank is an example of general plane motion as the fluctuating angle between the crank and the connecting rod. Consider a segment AB where point A is at the end of the slider and point B is on the diametrically opposite end to point A, on a crack. The variance in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy
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Characterizing the motion management system accuracy on a 1.5T MR-Linac.

William Donahue1, Shu Xing1, Lauren Smith1

  • 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|October 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study commissioned a new motion management system on the 1.5T MR-Linac, finding it capable of accurate radiotherapy delivery for moving targets. While generally effective, exhale gating strategies require further investigation for optimal clinical use.

Keywords:
Comprehensive motion management (CMM)Elekta UnityEnd-to-end testingGating latencyMR-Linac (MRL)Real-time tumor trackingRespiratory motion managementTracking accuracy

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Image-Guided Therapy

Background:

  • Advanced motion management techniques reduce treatment volume, enabling dose escalation.
  • MRI-Linac systems offer superior contrast and cine imaging for surrogate-less gating.
  • Commissioning and performance characterization of such systems are crucial for clinical implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To commission a motion management system with gating capabilities on a 1.5T MR-Linac.
  • To characterize the system's performance, including stability, tracking accuracy, and latency.
  • To evaluate the dosimetric accuracy of clinical treatment plans delivered with the system.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed linear accelerator stability across various duty cycles.
  • Characterized motion tracking accuracy and gating latency using a motion phantom with varying parameters.
  • Created and evaluated clinical treatment plans for multiple tumor sites with different gating strategies.
  • Performed end-to-end testing to quantify delivery accuracy for free-breathing and exception gating.

Main Results:

  • Beam characteristics remained stable within 0.6% across duty cycles.
  • Tracking accuracy was dependent on breathing rate; 1 cm targets posed challenges due to through-plane motion.
  • Clinical plans showed average dose differences within 1.8% and >75% gamma passing rates (3%/2 mm).
  • Exhale gating strategies exhibited systematic dose shifts due to interplay effects.
  • End-to-end testing demonstrated <1-2 mm localization accuracy for moving targets.

Conclusions:

  • The Elekta Unity's motion management system offers advanced capabilities for treating moving targets with acceptable uncertainties.
  • The system supports accurate radiotherapy delivery, but further research into the clinical impact of specific gating strategies, like exhale gating, is warranted.