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Published on: January 28, 2021
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Effects of Olfactory Training on Olfactory and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review
Yangzi Tan1,2, Xiangxian Liu1,2, Yankun Li1
1Department of Otolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
|October 15, 2025
Summary
Olfactory training (OT) enhances smell and cognitive functions like memory. This review shows OT benefits brain health, especially in healthy adults, by promoting neuroplasticity.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Cognitive Science
- Otolaryngology
Background:
- Olfactory training (OT) interventions show potential for improving both chemosensory function and cognitive abilities via neuroplasticity.
- OT may enhance cognitive function and slow cognitive decline.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the efficacy of OT on olfaction, cognition, and neuroimaging changes.
- To evaluate OT's impact across diverse populations, including healthy adults and those with olfactory or cognitive impairments.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.
- Searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases.
- Included 24 full-text articles evaluating OT's effects on olfaction and cognition.
Main Results:
- OT improved olfactory function and provided domain-specific cognitive benefits in healthy adults and those with olfactory dysfunction.
- Meta-analysis indicated a 27.01% pooled proportion of individuals achieving clinically significant olfactory improvement.
- Improvements were noted in global cognition, verbal fluency, and working memory; intensive OT showed promise for dementia patients.
Conclusions:
- Olfactory training effectively improves olfaction, cognition, and brain health.
- Benefits are particularly pronounced in cognitively normal populations.
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