Marine nutraceuticals as a source of SIRT1 and NRF2 activators for diabetes and aging-related metabolic disorders

Marine ecosystems harbor a remarkable diversity of bioactive compounds with unique chemical structures and potent pharmacological activities. These marine-derived metabolites have gained increasing attention as promising therapeutic agents for metabolic disorders, particularly diabetes and aging-related diseases. This review highlights the emerging roles of marine-sourced Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) activators in modulating glucose and lipid metabolism, enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms, and ameliorating cellular senescence. We summarize the mechanistic pathways by which key marine compounds-such as fucoxanthin, bromophenols, and coral-derived steroids-modulate SIRT1 and NRF2 signaling, potentially providing synergistic effects superior to those of terrestrial or synthetic analogues. The review also addresses the challenges in pharmaceutical formulation and sustainable production, emphasizing the need for advanced biotechnological strategies and innovative delivery systems. While preclinical evidence is compelling, clinical translation remains limited by issues related to bioavailability, safety, and sustainable production. Future research should focus on clinical trials, improved formulations, and sustainable production platforms to unlock the therapeutic potential of marine natural products for diabetes and aging-related metabolic disorders.