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Spatial Transcriptomics of Adipose Tissue: Technologies, Applications, and Challenges.

A K Keesling1, E A Rondini1, James Granneman1

  • 1Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.

Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) maps gene expression within tissues, revealing adipose tissue's cellular organization and function. This technology enhances understanding of metabolic homeostasis and diseases like obesity.

Keywords:
Adipose tissueCell plasticityGene expression profilingSpatial analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic and endocrine research
  • Cellular and molecular biology
  • Biotechnology and bioinformatics

Background:

  • Adipose tissue is crucial for energy balance but its cellular complexity is poorly understood due to lack of spatial context in traditional sequencing.
  • Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing offer cellular detail but miss spatial organization and microenvironmental interactions.
  • Understanding adipose tissue biology requires methods that integrate gene expression with spatial information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies and computational methods for analyzing adipose tissue.
  • To highlight recent applications of ST in understanding adipose tissue cellular heterogeneity and function.
  • To identify future opportunities for ST in metabolic and endocrine research.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of current spatial transcriptomics platforms enabling high-resolution gene expression mapping in intact tissue sections.
  • Discussion of computational strategies for analyzing spatial transcriptomics data.
  • Review of recent studies applying ST to investigate adipocyte subpopulations, stromal cells, and immune infiltration.

Main Results:

  • Spatial transcriptomics provides unprecedented resolution for dissecting cellular organization within adipose tissue depots.
  • ST enables the study of microenvironmental influences on adipose tissue cellular function and heterogeneity.
  • Recent applications demonstrate ST's power in characterizing immune cell interactions and tissue remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial transcriptomics is a transformative tool for understanding adipose tissue architecture and function in health and disease.
  • ST addresses limitations of previous methods by integrating gene expression with spatial context.
  • Future research using ST can elucidate adipogenic niches, depot-specific remodeling, and immune cell roles in metabolic health.