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Angles-Only Navigation via Optical Satellite Measurement with Prior Altitude Constrained.

Dongkai Dai1,2, Yuanman Ni3, Ying Yu1,2

  • 1College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.

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|October 16, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces an angles-only navigation method for autonomous positioning without GPS. It uses satellite optical sightings and altitude data for accurate geolocation, especially in challenging environments.

Keywords:
angle-onlycelestial navigationlow-Earth orbit satelliteoptical measurement

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Area of Science:

  • Aerospace Engineering
  • Geomatics Engineering
  • Navigation Systems

Background:

  • Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-denied environments pose challenges for autonomous platforms.
  • Accurate navigation is critical for maritime and terrestrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an angles-only navigation (AON) method for autonomous positioning.
  • To enable near-ground platforms to navigate reliably without GNSS.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing optical observations of a single satellite with known ephemeris.
  • Employing a star tracker for line-of-sight (LOS) measurements against a star background.
  • Applying triangulation with prior altitude constraints for observer location resolution.

Main Results:

  • Theoretical error models identified key factors influencing geolocation accuracy.
  • Numerical simulations confirmed error propagation mechanisms.
  • Ground experiments achieved root-mean-square (RMS) geolocation accuracy within 250 m using Globalstar satellites.

Conclusions:

  • The AON method provides a practical, low-cost solution for high-precision passive navigation.
  • The technique is effective in GNSS-denied scenarios for maritime and terrestrial applications.
  • Geolocation accuracy is influenced by orbital errors, LOS distance, and altitude uncertainties.