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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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Integration of Multi-Scale Predictive Tools of Bone Fragility: A Structural and Material Property Perspective.

Muhammad Ateeq1, Laura Maria Vergani1,2, Federica Buccino1,2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering (DMEC), Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milano, Italy.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 16, 2025
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This review highlights multiscale approaches for assessing bone fragility and predicting fractures. Integrating these methods can improve early detection and prevention of fragility fractures, enhancing bone health outcomes.

Keywords:
fragility fracturesmultiscaleosteoporosispredictive tools

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Bone fragility, a major global health issue, leads to increased fracture risk, particularly in osteoporosis.
  • Current diagnostics for bone fragility, including imaging and bone mineral density, have limitations in fully understanding multi-scale structural bone features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in predictive modeling and diagnostic tools for bone fragility, emphasizing multiscale approaches.
  • To evaluate the clinical potential of these tools for early fragility fracture detection and risk mitigation.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of recent literature on predictive modeling and diagnostic tools for bone fragility.
  • Focus on multiscale assessment of bone morpho-structural features across hierarchical levels.
  • Critical evaluation of translational potential and clinical applications.

Main Results:

  • Recent advancements offer novel diagnostic tools and predictive models for bone fragility.
  • Multiscale approaches provide a more comprehensive understanding of bone fragility mechanisms.
  • Integration of multiscale methodologies shows promise for enhanced early detection and prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Multiscale predictive modeling is crucial for improving the accuracy of fragility fracture prediction.
  • Enhanced early detection and intervention strategies can significantly mitigate fracture risk.
  • Future research should focus on refining multiscale predictive tools for clinical utility.