An Account of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Complicating Pregnancy and Literature Review

Background and Clinical Significance: The occurrence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in pregnancy represents a diagnostic and management challenge in the attempt to balance and achieve both maternal and fetal wellbeing. Pregnancy-specific manifestations mimic the initial symptoms of leukemia and may lead to a delay in diagnosis, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy. Decision-making strategies involve the patient and couples counseling with a multidisciplinary team of hematologists, obstetricians, neonatologists and psychologists. Maternal outcome depends on the disease subtype, progression and response to medication. Fetal outcome depends on other potential pregnancy complications, possible teratogenicity, gestational age at delivery and sometimes iatrogenic prematurity. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 38-year-old multiparous patient with a late first trimester, with an AML diagnosis presenting with hyperemesis gravidarum-like symptoms. Genetic testing revealed the presence of an Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication mutation (FLT3-ITD). Following that, a repeatedly refused termination of pregnancy and rapid disease progression with azacitidine therapy was initiated. Elective cesarean delivery was performed at 34 weeks of gestation due to progressive leukocytosis, which persisted postpartum, requiring the use of first-, second-, and eventually third-line chemotherapy. Fetal outcome was favorable at 3 months postpartum. Conclusions: Cases of AML in pregnancy require a tailored approach according to guidelines, but also patient/couple preferences, while the choice of chemotherapy is limited considering its potential teratogenic effects. This is a case with a misleading first presentation and a challenging therapeutic choice due to its genetic subtype and maternal treatment postponement.