Assessment of Intervertebral Lumbar Disk Herniation: Accuracy of Dual-Energy CT Compared to MRI

Background: Lumbar disk herniation is a common cause of low back pain and radiculopathy, significantly impacting patients' life quality and functional capacity. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) remains the gold standard for its assessment due to its superior soft tissue contrast and multiplanar imaging capabilities. However, recent advances in spectral computed tomography (CT), particularly dual-energy CT (DECT), have introduced new diagnostic opportunities, offering improved soft tissue characterization. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of DECT in detecting and grading lumbar disk herniations using dedicated color-coded fat maps. Materials and Methods: A total of 205 intervertebral levels from 41 consecutive patients with lumbar symptoms were prospectively analyzed. All patients underwent both DECT and MRI within 3 days. Three radiologists with varying years of experience independently assessed DECT images using color-coded reconstructions. A five-point grading score was attributed to each lumbar level: 1 = normal disk, 2 = bulging/protrusion, 3 = focal herniation, 4 = extruded herniation, and 5 = migrated fragment. The statistical analysis included Pearson's correlation for score consistency, Cohen's Kappa for interobserver agreement, generalized estimating equations for a cluster-robust analysis, and an ROC curve analysis. The DECT diagnostic accuracy was assessed in a dichotomized model (grades 1-2 = no herniation; 3-5 = herniation), using MRI as reference. Results: A strong correlation was observed between DECT and MRI scores across all readers (mean Pearson's r = 0.826, p < 0.001). The average exact agreement between DECT and MRI was 79.4%, with the highest concordance at L1-L2 (86.7%) and L5-S1 (80.4%). The interobserver agreement was substantial (mean Cohen's κ = 0.765), with a near-perfect agreement between the two most experienced readers (κ = 0.822). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.906 (95% CI: 0.893-0.918). The ROC analysis showed excellent performance (AUC range: 0.953-0.986). In the dichotomous model, DECT demonstrated a markedly higher sensitivity than conventional CT (95.1% vs. 57.2%), with a comparable specificity (DECT: 99.0%; CT: 96.5%) and improved overall accuracy (98.4% vs. 90.0%). Subgroup analyses by age and disk location revealed no statistically significant differences. Conclusions: The use of DECT dedicated color-coded fat map reconstructions showed high diagnostic performance in the assessment of lumbar disk herniations compared to MRI. These findings support the development of dedicated post-processing tools, facilitating the broader clinical adoption of spectral CT, especially in cases where MRI is contraindicated or less accessible.