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Updated: Jan 15, 2026
Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Published on: June 29, 2013
Optimizing Fetal Surveillance in Fetal Growth Restriction: A Narrative Review of the Role of the Computerized
Bianca Mihaela Danciu1,2, Anca Angela Simionescu1,3
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
Background/Objectives: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Accurate surveillance and timely delivery are critical to improving outcomes. This narrative review examines the role of computerized cardiotocography (cCTG) and short-term variation (STV) interpretation in the monitoring of FGR and its integration with Doppler velocimetry and the biophysical profile (BPP). Methods: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed for studies published up to 2021 using combinations of terms related to FGR, CTG, STV, and Doppler surveillance. Eligible sources included original studies, systematic reviews, and international guidelines. Case reports, intrapartum-only monitoring, and studies involving major anomalies were excluded. Results: Reduced STV consistently correlates with fetal compromise, abnormal Doppler findings, and adverse perinatal outcomes. In early-onset FGR (<32 weeks), ductus venosus abnormalities often coincide with or precede STV reduction; combined use supports optimal timing of delivery. In late-onset FGR (≥32 weeks), STV changes are less pronounced and require integration with cerebroplacental ratio, variability indices, and trend-based interpretation. Longitudinal evaluation offers greater prognostic value than isolated measurements. However, heterogeneity in thresholds, fragmented outcome data, and system-specific definitions limit standardization and comparability across studies. Conclusions: cCTG provides an objective and adjunct to Doppler and BPP in the surveillance of FGR, a tool for obstetrician needs. Its greatest utility lies in serial, integrated assessment, supported by gestational age-specific reference ranges. Future advances should include standardized STV thresholds, large outcome-linked databases, and artificial intelligence-driven tools to refine decision-making and optimize delivery timing.
Background/Objectives: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Accurate surveillance and timely delivery are critical to improving outcomes. This narrative review examines the role of computerized cardiotocography (cCTG) and short-term variation (STV) interpretation in the monitoring of FGR and its integration with Doppler velocimetry and the biophysical profile (BPP). Methods: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed for studies published up to 2021 using combinations of terms related to FGR, CTG, STV, and Doppler surveillance. Eligible sources included original studies, systematic reviews, and international guidelines. Case reports, intrapartum-only monitoring, and studies involving major anomalies were excluded. Results: Reduced STV consistently correlates with fetal compromise, abnormal Doppler findings, and adverse perinatal outcomes. In early-onset FGR (<32 weeks), ductus venosus abnormalities often coincide with or precede STV reduction; combined use supports optimal timing of delivery. In late-onset FGR (≥32 weeks), STV changes are less pronounced and require integration with cerebroplacental ratio, variability indices, and trend-based interpretation. Longitudinal evaluation offers greater prognostic value than isolated measurements. However, heterogeneity in thresholds, fragmented outcome data, and system-specific definitions limit standardization and comparability across studies. Conclusions: cCTG provides an objective and adjunct to Doppler and BPP in the surveillance of FGR, a tool for obstetrician needs. Its greatest utility lies in serial, integrated assessment, supported by gestational age-specific reference ranges. Future advances should include standardized STV thresholds, large outcome-linked databases, and artificial intelligence-driven tools to refine decision-making and optimize delivery timing.
