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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Genome Editing by Grafting.

Samuel Simoni1, Marco Fambrini1, Claudio Pugliesi1

  • 1Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome editing by grafting enables transgene-free plant modifications by transferring CRISPR-Cas9 components via RNA. This innovative technique offers a promising, heritable solution for crop improvement, especially for challenging species.

Keywords:
CRISPR/Casgenome editinggraftingmobile RNAtRNA-like sequencestransgene-free plants

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biotechnology
  • Molecular biology
  • Agricultural science

Background:

  • Grafting facilitates molecular exchange (small RNAs, proteins) between plant tissues.
  • Genome editing in plants traditionally requires foreign DNA integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the innovative technique of genome editing by grafting.
  • To highlight its advantages over traditional methods and its potential applications.
  • To discuss current limitations and future prospects.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting RNA molecules (e.g., tRNA-like sequences) for delivering CRISPR-Cas9 components.
  • Utilizing transgenic rootstock to deliver editing machinery to wild-type scions.
  • Achieving genome modification without foreign DNA integration in the scion.

Main Results:

  • Heritable, transgene-free genome editing is achieved in plants.
  • This method addresses regulatory concerns and improves crop recovery and selection.
  • It offers an alternative to viral vectors, potentially reducing off-target effects.

Conclusions:

  • Genome editing by grafting holds significant promise for plants recalcitrant to in vitro culture and for vegetatively propagated species.
  • The technique can maintain heterozygosity crucial for plant productivity and quality.
  • Further improvements are needed to address variable efficiency, graft incompatibility, and scalability for broader crop breeding applications.