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Exosomal miRNAs: Key Regulators of the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Stem Cells
Shuangmin Wang1,2, Sikan Jin1,2, Jidong Zhang1
1Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 16, 2025
Summary
Exosomes carrying microRNAs (miRNAs) are key in cancer progression, influencing the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells. These exosomal miRNAs offer potential as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Molecular Biology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Exosomes are critical for intercellular communication, transporting bioactive molecules.
- Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are vital regulators of gene expression and cellular processes.
- These vesicles play significant roles in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of exosomal miRNAs' roles in cancer.
- To elucidate their impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer stem cells (CSCs).
- To discuss their clinical potential in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on exosomal miRNA functions in cancer.
- Analysis of exosomal miRNA-mediated modulation of immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs).
- Examination of exosomal miRNA effects on CSC properties and therapeutic resistance.
Main Results:
- Exosomal miRNAs remodel the TME by influencing immune cells (macrophages, T cells, NK cells) and CAFs.
- They promote immune evasion, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis.
- Exosomal miRNAs enhance CSC stemness, self-renewal, and therapeutic resistance, driving tumor recurrence.
Conclusions:
- Exosome-mediated miRNA signaling is a critical driver of malignant progression.
- Exosomal miRNAs hold significant potential as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers.
- They represent promising targets for cancer therapy and drug delivery vehicles.
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