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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Investigating Cellular and Molecular Dynamics During Muscle Regeneration Using Cutting-Edge Single-Cell Technologies
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In Vitro and In Vivo Comparative Analysis of Muscle Regenerative Processes Induced by Different Microcurrent

Yoon-Jin Lee1, Eun Sang Kwon2, Yong Suk Moon3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31511, Republic of Korea.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Sine waveform microcurrent stimulation significantly enhances muscle regeneration in rabbits with gastrocnemius muscle atrophy. This approach shows superior recovery effects compared to other waveforms, promoting muscle repair and reducing inflammation.

Keywords:
microcurrentmuscle atrophyrabbit modelskeletal muscle regenerationwaveforms

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Muscle atrophy due to immobilization leads to significant functional deficits.
  • Microcurrent electrical stimulation (MES) is explored for therapeutic benefits in muscle recovery.
  • Different waveforms may elicit distinct biological responses in muscle regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of different microcurrent waveforms (square, sine, triangular) in promoting muscle regeneration.
  • To evaluate the effects of sine waveform microcurrent on cast-induced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy in rabbits.
  • To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of microcurrent-induced muscle repair.

Main Methods:

  • Cast-induced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy model in rabbits.
  • Application of different microcurrent waveforms (sham, square, sine, triangular) for two weeks.
  • Assessment of muscle recovery using ultrasound, electrophysiology (CMAP), histological analysis (CSA), and molecular techniques (Western blot, immunohistochemistry).

Main Results:

  • Sine waveform microcurrent significantly improved muscle thickness, CMAP amplitude, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) compared to control and other waveforms (p < 0.05).
  • Increased expression of proliferation (BrdU, PCNA) and angiogenesis (VEGF, PECAM-1) markers observed with sine waveform.
  • Reduced levels of inflammatory (TNF-α, NF-κB), apoptotic (cleaved caspase-3), and stress response (p-CHK1, p-CHK2) markers were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Sine waveform microcurrent stimulation is the most effective among tested waveforms for promoting muscle regeneration in cast-induced muscle atrophy.
  • The mechanism involves enhanced cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and myogenic regulatory factor activation, alongside reduced inflammation and apoptosis.
  • Sine waveform microcurrent demonstrates significant therapeutic potential for muscle regeneration, warranting further clinical research.