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Heart Failure Biomarkers-Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Clinical Relevance
Bianca-Ștefania Profire1, Florentina Geanina Lupașcu2, Cristian Stătescu1,3
1Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, 16 University Street, 700115 Iași, Romania.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 16, 2025
Summary
Heart failure (HF) is a growing global health issue. This review explores how biomarkers for inflammation, cardiac remodeling, and neurohormonal activation aid in diagnosing and managing HF.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology and Clinical Medicine
- Biomarker Discovery and Validation
Background:
- Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome with rising incidence and prevalence, driven by aging populations and cardiovascular risk factors.
- Its pathogenesis involves inflammation, neurohormonal activation, cardiac remodeling, diastolic dysfunction, and reduced cardiac output.
- Circulating biomarkers are crucial for understanding HF pathophysiology and improving patient outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the pathophysiological basis of heart failure.
- To highlight the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of circulating biomarkers in HF.
- To connect HF disease mechanisms with clinical management strategies.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current knowledge on HF pathophysiology.
- Categorization of HF biomarkers based on underlying mechanisms (inflammation, oxidative stress, remodeling, etc.).
- Analysis of biomarker utility in HF diagnosis and prognosis.
Main Results:
- HF pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving inflammation and neurohormonal pathways.
- Biomarkers reflect diverse pathophysiological aspects of HF, including cardiomyocyte injury and myocardial stress.
- Biomarkers are essential for linking HF mechanisms to clinical decision-making.
Conclusions:
- Understanding HF pathophysiology is key to biomarker development.
- Circulating biomarkers offer significant diagnostic and prognostic value in heart failure.
- Biomarkers play a vital role in guiding the clinical management of heart failure patients.
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