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Heart Failure Biomarkers-Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Clinical Relevance
Bianca-Ștefania Profire1, Florentina Geanina Lupașcu2, Cristian Stătescu1,3
1Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, 16 University Street, 700115 Iași, Romania.
Insights
Heart failure (HF) is a growing global health issue. This review explores how biomarkers for inflammation, cardiac remodeling, and neurohormonal activation aid in diagnosing and managing HF.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology and Clinical Medicine
- Biomarker Discovery and Validation
Background:
- Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome with rising incidence and prevalence, driven by aging populations and cardiovascular risk factors.
- Its pathogenesis involves inflammation, neurohormonal activation, cardiac remodeling, diastolic dysfunction, and reduced cardiac output.
- Circulating biomarkers are crucial for understanding HF pathophysiology and improving patient outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the pathophysiological basis of heart failure.
- To highlight the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of circulating biomarkers in HF.
- To connect HF disease mechanisms with clinical management strategies.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current knowledge on HF pathophysiology.
- Categorization of HF biomarkers based on underlying mechanisms (inflammation, oxidative stress, remodeling, etc.).
- Analysis of biomarker utility in HF diagnosis and prognosis.
Main Results:
- HF pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving inflammation and neurohormonal pathways.
- Biomarkers reflect diverse pathophysiological aspects of HF, including cardiomyocyte injury and myocardial stress.
- Biomarkers are essential for linking HF mechanisms to clinical decision-making.
Conclusions:
- Understanding HF pathophysiology is key to biomarker development.
- Circulating biomarkers offer significant diagnostic and prognostic value in heart failure.
- Biomarkers play a vital role in guiding the clinical management of heart failure patients.
Abstract:
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by impaired cardiac function and maladaptive neurohormonal activation, representing one of the leading causes of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality worldwide. Both its incidence and prevalence continue to rise, largely as a consequence of population aging and the increasing burden of cardiovascular risk factors. The pathogenesis of HF is multifactorial, involving a dynamic interplay between inflammation and neurohormonal activation, ultimately leading to cardiac remodeling, diastolic dysfunction, and impaired cardiac output. In this context, numerous biomarkers have been investigated for diagnosis and prognosis utility in patients with HF. According to their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, biomarkers in HF can be broadly categorized as indicators of inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiac remodeling, myocardial stress, neurohormonal activation, and cardiomyocyte injury. This review summarizes current knowledge on the pathophysiological basis of HF and highlights the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of circulating biomarkers, emphasizing their role in linking disease mechanisms with clinical management.
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