The Effect of Organic Materials on the Response of the Soil Microbiome to Bisphenol A

In view of the increasing environmental pollution caused by bisphenol A (BPA), understanding its impact on the microbiological properties of soil, which play a key role in maintaining soil fertility and consequently ecosystem stability, is particularly important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the soil microbiome to this xenobiotic and to evaluate the potential of organic materials such as starch (St), grass compost (Co), and fermented bark (B) to restore the balance of soil cultivated with Zea mays. The negative effects of BPA on the abundance, diversity, and structure of bacterial and fungal communities in soil contaminated with 500 and 1000 mg kg^-1 d.m. of soil were confirmed. Changes in the phospholipid profile, including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and ergosterol (E), were also assessed. BPA applied at 1000 mg kg^-1 d.m. of soil inhibited the proliferation of organotrophic bacteria and actinomycetes, while stimulating fungal growth. This xenobiotic's impact is also reflected by a decrease in PC and PG levels in soil under BPA pressure. Through amplification of the V3-V4 16S rRNA region (for bacteria) and the ITS1 region (for fungi), the dominant bacterial phylum Proteobacteria was identified, with genera including Cellulosimicrobium, Caulobacter, Rhodanobacter, Sphingomonas, Mucilaginibacter, and Pseudomonas. Among fungi, Ascomycota dominated, primarily represented by the genus Penicillium. Of all the organic materials tested for mitigating BPA's negative effects, grass compost was identified as the most promising, not only restoring soil homeostasis but also enhancing the growth and development of Zea mays cultivated in BPA-contaminated soil.