Exploring the Tumor Microenvironment in Osteosarcoma: Driver of Resistance and Progression

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Immunology
• Biomedical Research

Background:

• Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer in children and young adults.
• OS is characterized by its aggressive nature, frequent metastasis, and resistance to standard treatments.
• The tumor microenvironment (TME) of OS is a significant barrier, being solid and immune-resistant.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of the osteosarcoma tumor microenvironment.
• To discuss the resistances and detrimental effects of the OS TME.
• To illustrate current and future immunotherapies targeting the OS TME and identify knowledge gaps.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent findings on the osteosarcoma tumor microenvironment.
• Analysis of TME components, their role in treatment resistance, and immunotherapeutic strategies.
• Identification of research gaps and proposal of future studies.

Main Results:

• The OS TME comprises various cellular and non-cellular components that contribute to immune evasion and treatment resistance.
• Current immunotherapies show promise but face challenges due to the TME's complexity.
• Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding specific TME interactions and optimal therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the OS TME is crucial for developing effective treatments.
• Targeting the TME offers a promising avenue for improving outcomes in osteosarcoma.
• Further research is needed to elucidate TME complexities and enhance immunotherapy efficacy for OS patients.