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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Maria Giovanna Mastromarino1, Alessandra Lenzini1, Giacomo Rabazzi2
1Division of Thoracic Surgery, Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Pleural infection (PI) management involves antibiotics and drainage, with surgery crucial for advanced cases. This review details surgical options like VATS and open decortication, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach for better patient outcomes.
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