Detecting and diagnosing faults in autonomous robot swarms with an artificial antibody population model

An active approach to fault tolerance, the combined processes of fault detection, diagnosis and recovery, is essential for long-term autonomy in robots-particularly multi-robot systems and swarms. Previous efforts have primarily focused on spontaneously occurring electromechanical failures in the sensors and actuators of a minority subpopulation of robots. While the systems that enable this function are valuable, they have not yet considered that many failures arise from gradual wear and tear with continued operation, and that this may be more challenging to detect than sudden step changes in performance. This article presents the artificial antibody population dynamics (AAPD) model-an immune-inspired model for the detection and diagnosis of gradual degradation in robot swarms. The AAPD model is demonstrated to reliably detect and diagnose gradual degradation, as well as spontaneous changes in performance, among swarms of robots of varying sizes while remaining tolerant of normally behaving robots. The AAPD model is distributed, offers supervised and unsupervised configurations and demonstrates promising scalable properties. Deploying the AAPD model on a swarm of foraging robots undergoing gradual degradation enables the swarm to operate on average at between 70 and 97% of its performance in perfect conditions and is able to prevent instances of robots failing in the field during experiments in most of the cases tested.