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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components

An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components

Published on: July 18, 2018

Hydrogel Smart Windows: Working Mechanisms, Recent Developments, and Perspectives.

Kun Lei^1,2, Qixiu Jiang¹, Dianhao Gong¹

¹School of Medical Technology and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang, 471023, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|October 16, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogel-based smart windows (HSWs) offer dynamic light control for energy efficiency. This review details HSW fabrication, working principles, and challenges, paving the way for advanced applications.

Keywords:

electrochromic hydrogel humidity response hydrogel window mechanochromic hydrogel thermochromic hydrogel

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Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

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Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

Published on: April 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Building Technology
Energy Efficiency

Background:

Smart windows (SWs) are crucial for building energy efficiency, dynamically regulating light transmittance.
Hydrogels, with their unique properties, are promising for developing multifunctional SWs.
Existing reviews on SWs lack focus on hydrogel-based smart windows (HSWs).

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review recent research progress in hydrogel-based smart windows (HSWs).
To cover various HSW types, including thermochromic, electrochromic, photochromic, and others.
To discuss fabrication strategies, working principles, property enhancement, challenges, and future opportunities.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of hydrogel-based smart windows.
Categorization of HSWs based on stimuli-responsiveness (thermo-, electro-, photo-, humidity-, mechano-, magneto-, salt-responsive).
Analysis of fabrication methods, functional materials, working principles, and performance.

Main Results:

Comprehensive overview of diverse HSW types and their fabrication techniques.
Comparison of strengths and weaknesses for each HSW category.
Discussion of emerging trends like dual-stimulus HSWs and integrated devices.

Conclusions:

HSWs present significant potential for energy-saving buildings.
Further research is needed to address current challenges and unlock practical applications.
This review provides a roadmap for future HSW development and innovation.