Decoding the Penicillium italicum-Citrus Interaction: Untargeted Metabolomics Sheds Light on a Neglected Postharvest...

Penicillium italicum, the causal agent of citrus blue mold, is a major postharvest pathogen that reduces fruit quality and global citrus productivity. Understanding the molecular basis of infection is crucial to reveal virulence mechanisms, host defense responses, and potential targets for disease control. Here, we investigated the metabolic profile of theCitrus sinensis-P. italicum interaction using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Key differentialP. italicum-derived metabolites were identified, including 12,13-dehydroprolyltryptophanyldiketopiperazine, deoxybrevianamide E, dehydrodeoxybrevianamide E, deoxyisoaustamide, and brevianamide F. To assess its biological role, brevianamide F was chemically synthesized and tested against citrus-associated endophytes. It selectively inhibitedDiaporthe sp., suggesting thatP. italicummay utilize this compound as an antimicrobial strategy to modulate the endophytic community during infection. These results provide the first insights into the natural products involved inP. italicumassociation with citrus and point to potential alternative strategies for controlling blue mold disease.