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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Training of Laboratory Animals for Gentle and Stress-Free Handling
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Is Training With Animals Needed?

Rachel E Hollyoak1, Chris L Foteff1, Alun Cameron1

  • 1Australian Safety and Efficacy Register of New Interventional Procedures, Surgical (ASERNIP-S), Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Kent Town, South Australia, Australia.

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|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Live tissue training (LTT) using animal models in surgery lacks evidence of superiority over simulations. Ethical considerations and cost-effectiveness should guide decisions on using LTT in surgical education.

Keywords:
animal modelsanimal use alternativeslive tissue trainingsynthetic models

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training
  • Veterinary Medicine

Background:

  • Live tissue training (LTT) has been a historical cornerstone of surgical trauma education.
  • While some regions have moved away from LTT, certain specialized courses still utilize animal models.
  • This review examines clinician perceptions and the efficacy of animal-based surgical training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the appropriateness of continued live tissue training (LTT) in surgical education.
  • To compare the effectiveness of animal models versus alternative simulation methods in surgical training.

Main Methods:

  • A rapid review of literature was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Narrative synthesis was employed due to the diverse nature of the included studies.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were found between animal models and simulations in terms of self-efficacy, validity, or knowledge gained.
  • Certain specialties, including neuro-interventionalists and pediatric surgeons, showed a preference for animal models.
  • A lack of direct evidence supporting LTT benefits over alternatives was identified.

Conclusions:

  • The benefits of LTT over alternative simulation modalities require stronger evidence.
  • Moral costs and clear educational advantages must be weighed against alternative methods.
  • Further justification is needed to support the tacit acceptance of LTT's educational benefits.