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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
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Upper Extremity Muscle Recovery Profiles With Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy in Chronic Spinal Cord

Gustavo Balbinot1, Guijin Li2, Alexandra Chen3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Movement Neurorehabilitation and Neurorepair laboratory, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Institute for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; KITE Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

Neuromodulation : Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional electrical stimulation therapy (FEST) can improve muscle strength in chronic cervical spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Achieving a one-point strength increase typically requires 59 days and 19 sessions, with outcomes influenced by lesion characteristics and nerve integrity.

Keywords:
Electrophysiologyfunctional electrical stimulationguidelinesspinal cord injurysurface electromyography

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Clinical Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) lead to significant functional impairments.
  • Functional electrical stimulation therapy (FEST) is used to improve muscle strength when natural recovery plateaus.
  • Individual muscle recovery profiles with FEST in chronic SCI are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the timing and magnitude of individual muscle strength gains during FEST in chronic cervical SCI.
  • To identify factors that predict response to FEST.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort study of 17 participants with chronic cervical SCI, evaluating 136 muscles treated with FEST.
  • Baseline electrophysiology assessed corticospinal tract (CST) integrity and lower motor neuron pool excitability via surface electromyography.

Main Results:

  • 67 out of 136 muscles responded to FEST, with a median strength increase of one Muscle Motor Score (MMS).
  • Achieving a one-MMS increase took approximately 59 days and 19 FEST sessions.
  • Predictors of FEST response included baseline MMS, lesion characteristics, and CST integrity indicators.

Conclusions:

  • A one-point increase in muscle strength with FEST requires about 59 days and 19 sessions.
  • CST integrity and lower motor neuron responsiveness may impact FEST outcomes.
  • Findings can inform FEST guidelines for cervical SCI, enabling personalized rehabilitation strategies.