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Related Concept Videos

Effects of Creep01:25

Effects of Creep

402
Creep in concrete, the gradual deformation under prolonged stress, significantly impacts the integrity of structures. For reinforced concrete beams, it can be a vital design consideration, as it increases deflection, sometimes necessitating additional design measures. In columns, especially slender ones under eccentric loads, creep can cause buckling, compromising their stability. However, creep can be beneficial in indeterminate structures by mitigating stresses that arise from shrinkage,...
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Creep in Concrete01:22

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Creep refers to the time-dependent increase in strain under a sustained load, excluding other time-dependent deformations associated with shrinkage, swelling, and thermal expansion in concrete. The primary mechanism behind creep involves the loss of physically adsorbed water from the calcium silicate hydrate within the hydrated cement paste. This process is further exacerbated by concrete's non-linear stress-strain relationship, microcrack development in the interfacial transition zone, and...
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Factors Affecting Creep01:28

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In normal-weight aggregate concrete, the hardened cement paste is the primary contributor to creep, whereas the aggregates, being stiffer than the cement paste, are more resilient to stress-induced deformation. The stiffness of the aggregates is defined by their modulus of elasticity, and the more voluminous they are in the concrete, the less it will creep.
Further, the water/cement ratio is critical, as a lower ratio increases concrete strength, thus reducing creep. The strength of the...
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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Biomechanical Changes Related to Low Back Pain: An Innovative Tool for Movement Pattern Assessment and Treatment Evaluation in Rehabilitation
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Passive Exoskeletons Reduce Low-Back Passive Tissue Creep.

Hanbo Zou1, Seulgi Kim1, Hyuk Kwon2

  • 1Pusan National University, Republic of Korea.

Human Factors
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Passive exoskeletons prevent low-back tissue damage during prolonged stooping. This study shows exoskeletons maintain tissue integrity, reducing injury risk and enhancing occupational safety.

Keywords:
flexion-relaxation phenomenonlow back painlow back passive exoskeletonsprolonged stoopingstress-relaxation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Ergonomics
  • Musculoskeletal research

Background:

  • Prolonged stooping causes stress-relaxation deformation (creep) in low-back passive tissues.
  • Previous research focused on active tissues, neglecting passive tissue responses.
  • Exoskeletons offer a potential strategy to mitigate stoop-induced tissue creep.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of passive exoskeletons on low-back passive tissue creep.
  • To analyze changes in active and passive tissue mechanics during prolonged stooping with and without exoskeleton use.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve healthy males performed 12-minute stooping trials, with and without a passive exoskeleton.
  • Body kinematics and lumbar muscle activity were measured before and after stooping.
  • Analysis focused on stress-relaxation deformation and load transfer mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Passive exoskeleton use prevented changes in low-back active and passive tissues.
  • Without the exoskeleton, significant stress-relaxation deformation was observed.
  • Delayed flexion-relaxation angle, increased lumbar muscle activity, and greater lumbar flexion occurred without the exoskeleton.

Conclusions:

  • Passive exoskeletons effectively limit stress-relaxation deformation in low-back passive tissues.
  • By preventing excessive elongation, exoskeletons reduce the risk of spinal instability and low back pain.
  • Findings support the use of passive exoskeletons as assistive devices for occupational safety.