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Related Concept Videos

Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

355
When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
355
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
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Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

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Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
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Test Cross01:39

Test Cross

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Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.
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Rolling With Slipping01:14

Rolling With Slipping

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Rolling with slipping is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a rolling object experiences both rotational and linear motion but also experiences frictional forces that cause slipping. This phenomenon can occur in various situations, such as when a tire rolls on a wet road or a ball rolls on a rough surface.
An object's rolling motion is characterized by its rotation around its axis, while linear motion refers to the object's translational motion along a surface. Frictional forces can...
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Run Charts01:12

Run Charts

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Run charts serve as an essential instrument for visualizing the performance of various processes over time, enabling the identification of trends and patterns crucial for quality improvement. These charts map out a series of data points chronologically, offering insights into the stability and efficiency of a process. A run chart's creation involves plotting data points on a graph, with the time intervals on the horizontal axis and the specific measurements on the vertical axis. For...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers
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Kiss, shrink, run.

Katharina Lichter1

  • 1Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A single mechanism controls how synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters. This discovery advances our understanding of neuronal communication and brain function.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Synaptic vesicle release is crucial for neuronal signaling.
  • Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms is key to deciphering brain function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate a unified mechanism governing synaptic vesicle release.
  • To identify the core molecular players involved in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced microscopy techniques.
  • Employed biochemical assays to analyze protein interactions.
  • Performed electrophysiological recordings to assess synaptic function.

Main Results:

  • Identified a conserved protein complex essential for vesicle priming and fusion.
  • Demonstrated that this complex acts as a central regulator across different synapse types.

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Mutagenesis and Analysis of Genetic Mutations in the GC-rich KISS1 Receptor Sequence Identified in Humans with Reproductive Disorders
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  • Showcased the dynamic assembly and disassembly of the complex during neurotransmission.

    • Conclusions:

    • A unified molecular mechanism underlies synaptic vesicle release.
    • This mechanism provides a framework for understanding synaptic transmission.
    • Potential implications for neurological disorders involving synaptic dysfunction.