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Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

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A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

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Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Treatment During Pregnancy and Offspring Functional and Structural Neurodevelopment: A

Valeska Kozik¹, Michelle Dreiling^1,2, Denise Müller¹

¹Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany.

|October 16, 2025

Summary

Prenatal methylprednisolone (MP) exposure in children with multiple sclerosis (MS) did not affect neurodevelopmental outcomes. This study found no significant differences in cognitive ability, behavior, or brain structure in MP-exposed children compared to a non-exposed group.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Pharmacology

Background:

High-dose methylprednisolone (MP) is a standard treatment for pregnancy-associated multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses.
Glucocorticoids like MP cross the placenta, raising concerns about fetal neurodevelopmental safety.
Assessing the long-term effects of in utero MP exposure on children's neurodevelopment is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the impact of prenatal methylprednisolone (MP) exposure on neurodevelopment in school-aged children born to mothers with multiple sclerosis (MS).
To compare cognitive abilities, attention, behavior, motor skills, and brain structure between MP-exposed and non-exposed children.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional study comparing 30 MP-exposed children with 30 non-exposed children (all with maternal MS).
Neurodevelopmental assessment included standardized intelligence tests, neuropsychological evaluations, and electrocortical activity.
Structural brain development was analyzed using high-resolution MRI and a machine learning-based framework to assess brain age.

Main Results:

No significant differences in global IQ were observed between the MP-exposed and reference groups (mean IQ 103.0 vs 101.5).
Secondary outcomes, including attention, behavior, motor performance, and electrocortical activity, showed no group differences after multiple comparisons correction.
MRI analyses revealed no differences in gray matter volume, cortical thickness, gyrification, or chronological brain age between the groups.

Conclusions:

In utero methylprednisolone (MP) exposure, primarily in the second trimester, did not appear to negatively impact neurodevelopment in this cohort of children with multiple sclerosis (MS).
The study was not powered to detect subtle associations or establish dose-response relationships.
Caution is advised with MP use during pregnancy, employing the lowest effective dose until further research clarifies potential risks.