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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

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Towards data-driven smart composting techniques and control systems.

Baoju Liu1, Kui Zhang1, Yuquan Wei1

  • 1College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou 215100, China.

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Summary

Smart composting uses sensors and AI to optimize organic waste recycling, improving nutrient recovery and reducing emissions. This data-driven approach enhances compost quality and supports sustainable agriculture.

Keywords:
CompostingEnvironmental sensingIntelligent controlInternet of Things (IoT)Machine learningMulti-scale deployment scenarios

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Agricultural Science
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Conventional composting relies on manual control, leading to inefficiencies and nutrient loss.
  • Smart composting integrates sensing, IoT, and machine learning for adaptive control.
  • Current methods struggle with sensor durability and data standardization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in smart composting technologies and applications.
  • To identify barriers hindering widespread adoption.
  • To propose future research directions for scalable, low-carbon composting.

Main Methods:

  • Review of sensor technologies for monitoring compost parameters (temperature, moisture, oxygen, gases).
  • Analysis of data-driven modeling and machine learning for predictive control.
  • Examination of smart composting deployment at various scales (household to industrial).

Main Results:

  • Smart composting enables real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustment of conditions.
  • Predictive algorithms improve compost stability, nutrient conservation, and emission reduction.
  • Progress is noted in sensor tech, data modeling, intelligent control, and deployment.

Conclusions:

  • Robust sensors and standardized datasets are crucial for reliable smart composting.
  • AI-driven decision support tools are needed for different operational scales.
  • Smart composting can enhance nutrient recycling and reduce losses, supporting circular agriculture.