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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close&#45;Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
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Surgery for Velopharyngeal Dysfunction.

Emily Mace1, Roberto Solis2, Ryan Belcher3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S Floors 6-10, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.

Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) causes nasal speech and regurgitation due to impaired velopharyngeal closure. Multidisciplinary evaluation guides surgical treatment, with pharyngeal flap, sphincter pharyngoplasty, and Furlow palatoplasty being common options.

Keywords:
Buccal mucosal flapCleft palatePharyngeal flapSphincter palatoplastySubmucosal cleft palateVelopharyngeal dysfunctionVelopharyngeal insufficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy and physiology of the velopharynx
  • Speech-language pathology
  • Surgical techniques for velopharyngeal insufficiency

Background:

  • The velopharynx's complex musculature is crucial for velopharyngeal port closure during swallowing and speech.
  • Dysfunction of this mechanism leads to velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), characterized by nasal regurgitation and hypernasal speech.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the anatomical and functional aspects of velopharyngeal closure.
  • To highlight the importance of multidisciplinary evaluation in diagnosing VPD.
  • To review common and alternative surgical techniques for managing VPD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical structures and physiological functions of the velopharynx.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches involving speech-language pathology and surgical specialists.
  • Overview of established and emerging surgical interventions for VPD.

Main Results:

  • VPD presents with specific symptoms like nasal regurgitation and hypernasal speech.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on a comprehensive assessment by a multidisciplinary team.
  • Several surgical techniques exist, including pharyngeal flap, sphincter pharyngoplasty, and Furlow palatoplasty, with choices tailored to individual patient needs.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of velopharyngeal dysfunction requires understanding velopharyngeal anatomy and function.
  • Multidisciplinary team assessment is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
  • Surgical interventions for VPD should be individualized, considering various available techniques.