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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...
Overview of Regeneration and Repair01:19

Overview of Regeneration and Repair

Regeneration and repair processes are critical in healing damages caused by injury, disease, and aging. In regeneration, the damaged tissue is entirely replaced with new growth that restores the original architecture and function. In contrast, tissue repair usually results in a fixed tissue architecture involving scar formation. Scars generally do not reestablish tissue function and may also exhibit structural abnormalities at the injury site.
Regeneration
All animals have varying degrees of...
Phases of Wound Repair01:28

Phases of Wound Repair

Following injury, the integrity of the injured tissues must be reestablished. For example, in skin tissue, wound repair involves coordination among resident skin cells, blood mononuclear cells, extracellular matrix, growth factors, and cytokines to complete the healing cascade.
Formation of Blood Clot
In case of deep injuries, trauma to blood vessels results in blood loss. In the meantime, phospholipids released from the ruptured endothelial cellular membrane are converted into arachidonic...
Burn Injuries01:22

Burn Injuries

Burn injuries occur when the skin and underlying tissues are damaged due to exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or friction. They can vary in severity, from minor superficial burns to severe deep burns that can be life-threatening.
The damage results in the death of skin cells, which can lead to a massive loss of fluid. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and renal and circulatory failure follow, which can be fatal. Burn patients are treated with intravenous fluids to offset...
Healing I: Introduction01:11

Healing I: Introduction

Healing is the physiological process by which the body restores the integrity and function of damaged tissues following injury. It involves a coordinated interplay of cellular proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and growth factor signaling. The extent and nature of the tissue damage determine whether healing occurs by resolution, regeneration, or replacement.ResolutionResolution represents the most complete form of healing, occurring when the injury is minimal and tissue...
Healing II: Complications01:24

Healing II: Complications

Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...

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Evaluation of Stem Cell Therapies in a Bilateral Patellar Tendon Injury Model in Rats
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Orthobiologics for Tendon Injuries.

Claire D Eliasberg1, Scott A Rodeo1

  • 1Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.

Clinics in Sports Medicine
|October 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Treating tendinopathies is complex. This review examines orthobiologics like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) for tendon injuries, finding mixed evidence for their effectiveness.

Keywords:
Biologic augmentationBone marrow aspirate concentrateOrthobiologicsPatch augmentationPlatelet-rich plasmaTendon injury

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Tendinopathies present heterogeneously, complicating treatment.
  • Standardized approaches for tendon injuries are lacking.
  • Orthobiologics are increasingly used for tendon disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical literature on orthobiologic treatments for common tendinopathies.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), and patch augmentation.
  • To assess the current evidence supporting the routine use of these interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of current clinical literature.
  • Analysis of studies evaluating PRP, BMAC, and patch augmentation for tendon injuries.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding treatment efficacy and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supporting the routine use of PRP, BMAC, and patch augmentation is mixed.
  • Heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures complicates interpretation.
  • Further research is needed to establish optimal protocols and efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • The efficacy of orthobiologics for tendinopathies remains under investigation.
  • Current evidence does not uniformly support the routine use of PRP, BMAC, or patch augmentation.
  • Standardized treatment protocols and robust clinical trials are necessary.