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Associations between depression and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity among middle-aged and older Chinese adults

Yao Xiao1,2, Youliang Zhou1,2, Linli Xu1,2

  • 1Department of Medical Insurance, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Scientific Reports
|October 16, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Depression significantly increases the risk of developing cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) in older Chinese adults. Early interventions for depression may help prevent CMM, which involves multiple heart and metabolic diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) are a major health concern globally.
  • The link between depression and CMDs is established, but its impact on cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) requires further investigation.
  • Understanding the specific associations between depression and various CMM combinations is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between depression and the incidence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) in a Chinese adult population.
  • To explore the relationship between prevalent CMM combinations and the risk of depression.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 9,746 adults from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2012-2020).
  • Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) defined as the presence of two or more CMDs (diabetes, heart disease, stroke).
  • Depression assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10 (CESD-10); Cox proportional hazards and restricted cubic spline regression models used.

Main Results:

  • During 8 years of follow-up, 779 incident CMM cases (8.0%) were identified.
  • Depression was independently associated with an increased risk of CMM (aHR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.15-2.13), even after adjusting for covariates.
  • Most CMM combinations were linked to a higher depression risk, except for Diabetes + Stroke.

Conclusions:

  • Depression is a significant risk factor for developing cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.
  • Interventions targeting depression could potentially reduce the incidence of CMM.
  • Further research into the complex interplay between specific CMM combinations and depression is warranted.

Keywords:
CHARLSCardiometabolic multimorbidityDepression

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