Subinhibitory Concentrations of Oxacillin Alter Motility, Biofilm Production, and Transformation Capability of the...

Subinhibitory concentrations of various antibiotics can exacerbate microbial virulence. Acinetobacter baumannii is often resistant to oxacillin; however, the effect of low oxacillin concentrations on oxacillinase-producing bacteria remains unclear. Herein, oxacillinase producer A. baumannii ATCC-strains 2093 (motile) and 19606 (non-motile) were pre-exposed to sub-bactericidal concentrations (subMBC) of oxacillin (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL) and incubated at 37 °C. Growth kinetics, twitching and swarming-like motility, biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production, transformation capability, and gene expression were determined. All oxacillin subMBC conditions exerted bacteriostatic effects in both strains. Pre-exposing the motile strain with 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL of oxacillin for 1 h increased the twitching motility (4.2 ± 0.3 cm; control = 3.5 cm), whereas pre-exposure for 2 h it increased swarming-like motility (2.95 ± 0.15 cm; control = 2.7 cm). This strain also increased the biofilm production by effect of all 6 h-oxacillin subMBC treated bacteria (≤ 1.42 Biofilm Formation Index (BFI); control = 0.6 BFI), whereas the strain 19606 reduced biofilm up to 1 BFI (control = 2 BFI). The antibiotic also reduced the exopolysaccharide production in almost all treated cells from both strains. The transformation efficiency (TE) of strain 19606 increased X̄ = 19 ± 11% more than the control by effect of all DNA and oxacillin conditions studied; however, the TE for strain 2093 was lower than the control. The expression of genes for resistance (bla-OXA), twitching (pilA/tonB) and swarming-like motilities (dat/ddc), and biofilm production (csuE) were altered by the oxacillin subMBC. Overall, exposure of oxacillinase-producing A. baumannii to oxacillin subMBC increases several virulence factors, representing a potential public health risk.