Mortality, functional outcome, and bleeding risk after early versus delayed thrombectomy

Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is an established treatment for acute ischemic stroke, due to large vessel occlusion (LVO), but the optimal time window for intervention remains a subject of ongoing debate. We aimed to assess the impact of treatment timing on mortality, functional outcomes, and safety by comparing early (≤ 6 h) versus late (> 6-24 h) EVT. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of time to intervention on outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in acute ischemic stroke. Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE) were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Eligible randomized controlled trials and cohort studies reported on 90-day mortality, functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale, mRS), or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), stratified by treatment timing (≤ 6 h vs. > 6-24 h from symptom onset). Pooled incidence rates, incidence rate differences (IRD), and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated using random-effects models. Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria. The pooled incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was 0.19 events per person-year (95% CI: 0.12-0.26) in the early group and 0.23 events per person-year (95% CI: 0.11-0.35) in the late group, with no significant difference between groups (incidence rate difference [IRD] - 0.028; p = 0.33, incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.88; p = 0.33). For mortality, early EVT showed a significantly lower incidence rate of 0.66 events per person-year (95% CI: 0.51-0.82) compared to 0.77 events per person-year (95% CI: 0.63-0.91) in the late EVT group (IRD - 0.148; p = 0.0012, IRR 0.81; p = 0.0014). Functional independence was more frequent in the early group (1.72; 95% CI: 1.42-2.01) than in the late group (1.45; 95% CI: 0.91-1.98) (IRD 0.32; p < 0.0001, IRR 1.22; p < 0.0001). Heterogeneity was moderate to high across outcomes. The timing of endovascular thrombectomy significantly influences clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. Our analysis shows that early intervention (within 6 h) is associated with a significantly lower mortality rate and a higher likelihood of achieving functional independence at 90 days compared to late intervention (beyond 6 up to 24 h). The incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage did not differ significantly between the groups, suggesting that late treatment does not increase safety risks. These findings underscore the importance of minimizing treatment delays, while also supporting the continued use of EVT in selected patients beyond the 6-h window.