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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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The issues and trends in healthcare delivery are constantly changing. The COVID-19 pandemic is one recent issue that wreaked havoc on healthcare systems, causing a shortage of healthcare workers, high demand for medicines and supplies, and increased medical expenditure due to a lack of insurance. Other issues include rising healthcare costs and care fragmentation.
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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
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Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
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Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

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Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems Powered by Artificial Intelligence.

Farzaneh Sabbagh1, Anna Zakrzewska1, Daniel Rybak1

  • 1Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial intelligence (AI) revolutionizes transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) by enhancing drug formulation, predicting release, and enabling personalized treatments. AI integration improves accuracy and scalability for efficient, patient-centric therapies.

Keywords:
3D printingartificial intelligencemicroneedle patchespersonalized medicinetransdermal drug delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) provide non-invasive therapeutic options but encounter significant developmental hurdles.
  • Traditional methods for optimizing TDDS formulations are often time-consuming and expensive, involving extensive clinical trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML), on the advancement of TDDS.
  • To highlight AI's capability in overcoming existing challenges in transdermal therapy development and application.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing machine learning (ML) models for accurate prediction of drug entrapment, release kinetics, skin penetration, and formulation stability.
  • Employing AI for virtual screening of novel drug candidates and permeation enhancers.
  • Applying AI to optimize microneedle system design, including geometry, materials, and drug loading.
  • Integrating AI-powered biosensors for real-time physiological monitoring and adaptive dosing.

Main Results:

  • ML models achieved 93.0% accuracy in predicting drug entrapment, significantly streamlining development.
  • AI enhances the prediction of critical parameters like drug release, skin permeation, and stability, reducing the need for extensive trials.
  • AI facilitates the identification of new therapeutic agents and enhancers, accelerating innovation in TDDS.
  • AI-driven optimization of microneedle systems leads to improved precision and personalized treatment delivery.

Conclusions:

  • AI offers superior accuracy and scalability over traditional modeling approaches for complex TDDS datasets.
  • The integration of AI with advanced manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) and smart materials promises highly personalized and efficient transdermal therapies.
  • AI is pivotal in advancing therapeutic efficacy and patient-centric care within TDDS, paving the way for next-generation delivery systems.