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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Activating Endogenous Condylar Stem Cells to Enhance TMJ Repair.

T Tuwatnawanit1,2, N Anthwal1, A S Tucker1

  • 1Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.

Journal of Dental Research
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regenerative therapies for temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are advancing by targeting fibrocartilage stem/progenitor cells (FCSCs). Stimulating these cells via signaling pathways enhances TMJ repair in animal models.

Keywords:
fibrocartilageosteoarthritisregenerationsignal pathwaysstem cell nichetemporomandibular joint disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) significantly impact quality of life due to the TMJ's limited self-repair capacity.
  • Fibrocartilage stem/progenitor cells (FCSCs) in the condyle are key targets for TMJ regeneration.
  • Signaling pathways (Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch) regulate FCSC behavior and TMJ development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore regenerative strategies for TMJ disorders by targeting FCSCs.
  • To investigate the role of signaling pathways in TMJ regeneration.
  • To develop novel therapeutic approaches for TMJ repair.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo lineage tracing of condylar FCSCs in animal models.
  • Manipulation of key signaling pathways (Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch) to stimulate endogenous stem cells.
  • Combination of signaling pathway modulation with bioengineering techniques, including scaffold development.

Main Results:

  • Identification of FCSC subpopulations and niche-supporting cells in the TMJ condyle.
  • Demonstrated enhancement of TMJ regenerative capacity in various animal models (mouse, rat, rabbit, porcine) through pathway stimulation.
  • Successful integration of bioengineering scaffolds for controlled delivery of pathway modulators.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting TMJ FCSCs and their associated signaling pathways offers a promising avenue for regenerative therapies.
  • Advanced bioengineering combined with pathway manipulation can promote true regeneration of TMJ structures.
  • Hydrogel-based injectable therapies are emerging as novel approaches for TMJ repair and symptom alleviation.