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Measuring sexual dimorphism in human faces.

Cassidy Da Silva1, Hanne Hoskens1, J David Aponte1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Journal of Anatomy
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) is a more accurate method for measuring facial sexual dimorphism than regression scoring. This finding impacts research on human facial shape and its biological associations.

Keywords:
3DCVAfacial sexual dimorphismfemininitymasculinityregression scores

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Area of Science:

  • Human biology
  • Anthropometry
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Facial shape is a key sexually dimorphic trait in humans, linked to various biological and social factors.
  • Conflicting research findings on facial sexual dimorphism stem partly from diverse quantification methods.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for accurate biological and evolutionary interpretations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of regression scoring and Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) in measuring facial sexual dimorphism.
  • To evaluate how allometric effects influence these measurement methods.
  • To provide a foundation for more consistent and accurate research on facial shape variation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three-dimensional (3D) facial data from a large sample of adult males (n=540) and females (n=540).
  • Applied both regression scoring and CVA (linear discriminant analysis) to quantify morphological sexual dimorphism.
  • Analyzed data with and without prior decomposition of the allometric component (body size effects).

Main Results:

  • Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) demonstrated superior performance over regression scoring in sex classification.
  • CVA more accurately recreated the male-female facial shape axis compared to regression scoring.
  • Height showed a positive association with regression scores but not with CVA scores, challenging previous assumptions.

Conclusions:

  • CVA is recommended as a more reliable method for assessing facial sexual dimorphism.
  • Reassessment of prior studies linking male height to facial masculinity is warranted.
  • Methodological choices significantly influence outcomes in facial sexual dimorphism research, necessitating careful consideration.