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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

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Published on: November 11, 2013

Defect-Engineered Bulk Conversion Anodes for Fast and Temperature-Adaptive Na⁺ Storage.

Yanli Zhou¹, Ao Xu¹, Zhiqi Li¹

¹Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials Genome Engineering, School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

|October 17, 2025

Summary

Defect engineering in iron selenide anodes enhances sodium-ion battery performance. This carbon-free material offers improved stability and fast-charging capabilities for next-generation energy storage.

Keywords:

bulk‐Fe7Se8‐x carbon‐free defects engineering sodium‐ion batteries temperature adaptability

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Energy Storage

Background:

Conversion-based metal sulfides/selenides are promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to high capacity and conductivity.
However, large volume changes during cycling cause capacity decay, limiting commercial use.
Developing cost-effective synthesis for enhanced sodium storage is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To address capacity decay in SIB anodes by employing defect engineering in bulk Fe7Se8.
To create a carbon-free, defect-rich anode material for improved sodium storage.
To investigate the performance, mechanism, and potential applications of the engineered anode.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of defect-rich bulk Fe7Se8-x through defect engineering.
Electrochemical testing including cyclic stability, rate capability, and temperature adaptability.
In/ex situ characterization, kinetics analysis, and DFT calculations to elucidate reaction mechanisms.
Full cell assembly to demonstrate practical application potential.

Main Results:

Optimized bulk Fe7Se8-x exhibited excellent cyclic stability (e.g., 384 mAh g-1 after 1300 cycles at 5 A g-1) and ultrahigh rate capability (up to 40 A g-1).
The material demonstrated good performance at various temperatures (0°C and 40°C).
The defect engineering strategy was successfully applied to other materials like bulk Fe7S8-x and bulk CoSe2-x.

Conclusions:

Defect engineering in bulk Fe7Se8-x provides a viable strategy for high-performance, stable sodium-ion battery anodes.
The carbon-free, defect-rich material overcomes limitations of traditional conversion anodes.
This approach offers a universal method for enhancing other conversion-based anode materials for SIBs.