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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Manipulation of Single Neural Stem Cells and Neurons in Brain Slices using Robotic Microinjection

Manipulation of Single Neural Stem Cells and Neurons in Brain Slices using Robotic Microinjection

Published on: January 21, 2021

Micro/Nanorobots for Combating Brain Disorders: Challenges, Advances, and Perspectives.

Qi Zhang^1,2, Dong Sun¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

|October 17, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) offer precise drug delivery for brain disorders, overcoming treatment barriers. These advanced robotic systems show transformative potential for future neurological therapies.

Keywords:

blood–brain barrier brain disorders drug delivery micro/nanorobots

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Published on: August 18, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Nanotechnology
Neuroscience

Background:

Brain disorders represent a major global health challenge.
Current treatments face limitations like poor drug penetration and central nervous system barriers.
Innovative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To review challenges in treating brain disorders.
To highlight micro/nanorobots (MNRs) as a novel therapeutic platform.
To discuss the role of MNRs in overcoming delivery obstacles.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of existing literature on MNRs for brain disorders.
Analysis of MNR propulsion principles (self-propulsion and external actuation).
Examination of image guidance and real-time tracking in MNR applications.

Main Results:

MNRs enable targeted delivery with high precision, addressing conventional treatment limitations.
Various propulsion methods (chemical, biohybrid, acoustic, optical, electric, magnetic) are detailed.
Image guidance and tracking are crucial for clinical translation of MNRs.

Conclusions:

MNRs show significant promise for revolutionizing brain disorder treatments.
Further development and clinical translation are essential for realizing their full potential.
Advanced MNR technology can reshape therapeutic paradigms for neurological conditions.