Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Co-occurrence patterns and source-oriented health risk assessment of heavy metal-organic combined pollution in soil: A case study of a typical area in the Lower Yangtze River Basin.

Journal of hazardous materials·2026

Same author

Discovery of a novel cinnamoyl piperazinyl alepterolic acid hybrid as a TrxR1 inhibitor for inducing ROS/ER stress-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer.

European journal of medicinal chemistry·2026

Same author

Spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of water conservation capacity in Lanzhou City.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Analyzing the Prevalence and Associated Demographics of Syphilitic Retinitis and Syphilis in a Large U.S. Cohort.

Ocular immunology and inflammation·2026

Same author

Clinical characteristics and treatment of low-dose methotrexate-related adverse reactions in rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective study.

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology·2026

Same author

Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of Oxaliplatin-induced immune thrombocytopenia.

Frontiers in immunology·2026

Same journal

Urinary Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites Are Associated With MASLD/MASH in Humans and Induce Steatosis in Liver Organoids.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026

Same journal

Hepatic and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Primary Biliary Cholangitis With Metabolic-Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026

Same journal

Microtubule-Targeting Drugs Induce Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition in Hepatic Stellate Cells.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026

Same journal

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Lactulose for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026

Same journal

Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Therapy for Spinal Muscular Atrophy Induces Hepatotoxicity via Cytokine and Macrophage Activation.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026

Same journal

The Changing Etiological Landscape of Liver Cancer in the Era of Metabolic Disease.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Published on: September 25, 2019

Metabolic Reprogramming and CD8⁺ T-Cell Exhaustion During Chronic HBV Infection.

Haohao Li¹, Weiwei Mu², Alison Zhao³

¹State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver

|October 17, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection alters liver cell and T-cell metabolism, leading to immune exhaustion. Metabolic interventions show promise for treating chronic HBV infection by restoring immune responses.

Keywords:

CD8+ T‐cells chronic hepatitis B hepatocytes immunometabolism metabolic reprogramming

More Related Videos

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Published on: September 25, 2019

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Immunology
Virology

Background:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects hepatocytes, altering the liver microenvironment.
HBV infection induces metabolic reprogramming in CD8+ T-cells, contributing to immune exhaustion.

Purpose of the Study:

To review metabolic characteristics of hepatocytes and T-cells during HBV infection.
To discuss the link between CD8+ T-cell exhaustion and metabolic reprogramming.
To highlight therapeutic potential of metabolic approaches for chronic HBV.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent advances in HBV metabolism and immunology.
Analysis of the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and T-cell exhaustion.
Evaluation of metabolic interventions for HBV treatment.

Main Results:

HBV directly regulates hepatocyte metabolism, impacting the liver immune microenvironment.
Metabolic reprogramming in T-cells is a key driver of exhaustion during chronic HBV infection.
Intercellular metabolite exchange influences HBV persistence and antiviral immunity.

Conclusions:

Metabolic reprogramming is central to HBV pathogenesis and immune evasion.
Targeting host cell metabolism offers a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic HBV infection.
Metabolic interventions may restore antiviral immunity and potentially cure HBV.