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Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
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Too Many Numbers?

F James Rohlf1

  • 1Departments of Anthropology and Ecology & Evolution, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.

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|October 17, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Numerical taxonomic methods evolved significantly, impacting the field of biological systematics. This personal account reflects on their early development and acceptance within the journal Systematic Zoology.

Keywords:
Early computershistory of systematicsmosquitoesnumerical taxonomy

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Area of Science:

  • Systematic Zoology
  • Biodiversity Science
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The journal Systematic Zoology has been a key venue for discussions on taxonomic methods.
  • Numerical taxonomy emerged as a significant approach in the mid-20th century.
  • The development of these methods occurred alongside broader changes in biological sciences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a personal historical perspective on the rise of numerical taxonomy.
  • To document the acceptance and integration of quantitative methods in systematics.
  • To reflect on the evolution of taxonomy and the journal Systematic Zoology over 75 years.

Main Methods:

  • Historical narrative based on personal experience.
  • Review of early publications and discussions within Systematic Zoology.
  • Reflective analysis of taxonomic practices.

Main Results:

  • Numerical taxonomic methods faced initial resistance but gained acceptance.
  • The journal Systematic Zoology played a crucial role in disseminating and debating these new approaches.
  • Significant shifts in taxonomic philosophy and practice are evident over 75 years.

Conclusions:

  • The integration of numerical methods fundamentally changed systematic biology.
  • Personal accounts offer valuable insights into scientific progress and community dynamics.
  • Continued evolution of taxonomic tools and journals is essential for advancing biological understanding.