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Infrared spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups. In carboxylic acid derivatives, a typical carbonyl bond absorption is observed around 1650–1850 cm−1. For esters, the absorption is recorded at around 1740 cm−1, while acid halides show the absorption at about 1800 cm−1. Another acid derivative, the acid anhydrides, exhibit two carbonyl absorption around 1760 cm−1 and 1820 cm−1, arising from the symmetrical and...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy Provides Insight into the Formation of Covalent Organic Framework by Probing Interfacial

Yogesh Kumar1, Srinivasa Rao Varanasi2, Ravindra Pandey1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand India.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a light-driven method to synthesize crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) at the air-water interface. Interfacial water structure acts as a real-time indicator of COF crystallinity and reaction pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) synthesis and applications are expanding.
  • A molecular-level understanding of COF formation and water interfaces is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the light-driven synthesis of 2D COF thin films at the air-water interface.
  • To understand the role of interfacial water in COF formation and crystallinity.

Main Methods:

  • In situ synthesis and tracking using vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFS) spectroscopy.
  • Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry.
  • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

Main Results:

  • Catalysis accelerates macromolecular growth but hinders crystallinity.
  • Photoactivation promotes reversible imine condensation for crystalline COF films.
  • VSFS spectroscopy reveals ordered interfacial water and strengthened hydrogen bonding correlating with crystallinity.

Conclusions:

  • Light-driven synthesis enables crystalline COF film formation at aqueous interfaces.
  • Interfacial water structure serves as a sensitive probe for COF crystallinity and reaction pathways.
  • Advances molecular-level insights into COF formation mechanisms.