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Dissociable cortical contributions to impulse control during waiting.

Malcolm Ho Zheng Hao^1,2, Tsukasa Kamigaki¹

¹Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232 Singapore.

Science Advances

|October 17, 2025

Summary

Impulse control involves regulating actions over time. This study in mice reveals the dorsomedial frontal cortex (dmFC) and anterior insular cortex (AIC) regulate patience, while the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) ensures temporal precision during waiting.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Behavioral Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

Self-control is crucial for goal-directed behavior, involving the regulation of actions over time.
Suppressing impulsive actions to achieve future rewards is a key aspect of impulse control.
Understanding the neural circuits underlying impulse control during waiting is essential for addressing behavioral dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the distinct cortical contributions to impulse control during waiting periods.
To identify the neural computations underlying patience and temporal precision in decision-making.
To elucidate the roles of the dorsomedial frontal cortex (dmFC), anterior insular cortex (AIC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in regulating impulsive behavior.

Main Methods:

Utilized a delayed-response task in mice to assess impulse control during waiting.
Employed optogenetic inhibition to determine the causal roles of specific cortical regions (dmFC, AIC, PPC).
Conducted calcium imaging to analyze neural activity and computations within these regions during the task.

Main Results:

Optogenetic inhibition showed dmFC promotes patience, AIC drives impulsivity, and PPC regulates temporal precision.
PPC neurons encoded elapsed time via time cell-like activity, predicting waiting precision.
dmFC and AIC neurons displayed opposing lick-related activity, with their dynamic changes predicting patience levels.

Conclusions:

The PPC encodes temporal information critical for precise waiting behavior.
A push-pull dynamic within the dmFC-AIC circuit regulates patience during impulse control.
Distinct yet complementary neural mechanisms in the cortex orchestrate impulse control during delayed gratification.