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Related Concept Videos

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis
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How growth-induced stresses guide shape changes during animal morphogenesis: Mechanisms and implications.

A Erlich1, S Harmansa2

  • 1Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPHY, Grenoble 38000, France.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Differential growth, variations in tissue growth rates, is a key driver of morphogenesis, shaping organs through mechanical stress. This process complements the traditional focus on myosin-driven contractility in developmental biology.

Keywords:
Basement membraneContinuum mechanicsDifferential growthElasticityMorphogenesisResidual stressTissue mechanics

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Mechanobiology
  • Solid Mechanics

Background:

  • Morphogenesis, the development of organismal shape, involves genetic, biochemical, and mechanical factors.
  • Myosin-driven contractility is recognized as a key driver of tissue shaping.
  • Emerging evidence highlights differential growth as equally vital for morphogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce principles of growth mechanics in animal tissues.
  • To demonstrate how differential growth generates mechanical stresses for organ shaping.
  • To integrate theoretical modeling and experimental data for understanding growth-induced stresses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of growth mechanics principles.
  • Analysis of differential growth in tissue shaping processes (folding, bending, buckling).
  • Integration of theoretical modeling with experimental data.

Main Results:

  • Differential growth generates mechanical stresses driving cellular and tissue deformations.
  • External constraints from tissue layers or extracellular matrices influence shaping.
  • Feedback loops between growth-induced stresses and cellular responses guide functional shapes.

Conclusions:

  • Differential growth is a fundamental mechanism in morphogenesis, generating stress to shape organs.
  • Understanding growth mechanics, especially differential growth, complements the focus on contractility.
  • Integrating mechanics and experimental biology deepens insights into how mechanical forces guide shape development.