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Metastasis

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology

Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology

Published on: October 20, 2010

Sentinel node-positive POLE-mutated endometrial cancer.

Giorgio Bogani¹, Francesco Raspagliesi¹, Valentina Chiappa¹

¹Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Milan, Italy.

International Journal of Gynecological Cancer : Official Journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society

|October 17, 2025

Summary

POLE-mutated endometrial cancer with lymph node spread shows excellent short-term outcomes. Adjuvant therapy is still recommended despite the favorable prognosis in these advanced POLE-mutated uterine cancer cases.

Keywords:

Endometrial Cancer Low Volume Disease POLE Sentinel Node

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Published on: October 20, 2010

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Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy for Endometrial Cancer at Early Stage with Laparoscopy

Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy for Endometrial Cancer at Early Stage with Laparoscopy

Published on: August 19, 2021

Area of Science:

Gynecologic Oncology
Molecular Pathology
Cancer Genomics

Background:

Molecular classification, particularly POLE mutations, significantly impacts endometrial cancer prognosis.
Optimal management for POLE-mutated endometrial cancer with lymph node metastasis is not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the outcomes of stage IIIC endometrial cancer patients with POLE mutations and positive sentinel lymph nodes.
To assess the recurrence rates and effectiveness of adjuvant therapy in this specific patient subgroup.

Main Methods:

Multi-center retrospective analysis of 164 patients with POLE-mutated endometrial cancer undergoing sentinel lymph node mapping.
Classification of nodal metastases into isolated tumor cells, micro-metastases, and macro-metastases.
Review of adjuvant therapy regimens and patient follow-up data.

Main Results:

11.7% of POLE-mutated cases had nodal metastases (6 isolated tumor cells, 3 micro-metastases, 2 macro-metastases).
No recurrences were observed after a median follow-up of 7.6 months in patients receiving adjuvant therapy.
Adjuvant therapy was tailored based on molecular and pathological risk factors.

Conclusions:

Node-positive POLE-mutated endometrial cancer demonstrates excellent short-term outcomes.
Current data does not support de-escalation or omission of adjuvant therapy in this setting.
Larger studies and long-term data are required to establish safe de-escalation strategies.